Recently, several Arabic-speaking Christians (Orthodox Shahada) worked together to translate a passage from the Islamic scholar Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi's work Al-Nur al-Mubin. In particular, it proves that he interpreted the Qur'an as teaching that the Christian Trinity consisted of Allah, Jesus, and Mary (Surah 5:116). It also has some other interesting things it. It is about 4 pages, so the quote is a bit long:
Refutation of the Christians:
Know that Jesus son of Mary, blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and him, is a servant among the servants of Allah, and one of His messengers. Allah created Him in the womb of his mother Mary, the righteous one, without a father. And miracles were manifested by his hands which demonstrate the truthfulness of his prophethood and message. And these are mentioned by Allah in the Quran: his speech from the cradle, his resurrecting the dead, and other such miracles, all of which occurred by the permission of Allah and His power.
And the Christians, may God curse them, exaggerated his position, blaspheming by the most heinous blasphemy, which cannot be accepted by those of intellect nor sanctioned by the communities. And Allah Most High called them to return from their blasphemy and falsehood, the Most High saying: "O People of the Scripture, do not commit excess in your religion or say about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was but a messenger of Allah and His word which He directed to Mary and a soul [created at a command] from Him" in 4:171, until the saying "Never would the Messiah disdain to be a servant of Allah, nor would the angels near [to Him]" in 4:172
The Prophet, blessings and peace of Allah be upon him, called them (the Christians) to the mubahala, but they refrained because they knew that they were not upon the truth, and that they feared the punishment would descend upon them. And there were those who Allah guided to Islam and reconciled them, like al-Najashi and others.
The Christians disagree among themselves in the matter of Jesus, peace be upon him, for they did not know the truth about his position and they do not have a single proof they can rely on. Indeed, they took their corrupted faith from those who cannot be trusted in this, and they built it up upon lies and dreams and wrong information. This is why Allah Most High has named them the ones who go astray (daalin).
Some of them claim: "Jesus is the son of Allah", as mentioned about them by Allah in His saying "They say Allah has taken a son" in 2:116.
And of them are those who claim: "Truly, Allah is Jesus", as Allah tells us about them in His saying "They have certainly disbelieved who say that Allah is Christ, the son of Mary" in 5:17.
And of them are those who profess by the doctrine of the Trinity (بِالتََثلِيثِ), as Allah Most High says: "They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'Allah is the third of three'" in 5:73. And Most High is Allah far above what they claim.
And there are four points as proof that refute their fallacious claim that "truly Jesus is the son of Allah":
1) That Allah Most High is able to create a son without a father, just like how He was able to create Adam without a mother or father. And this is the meaning of His saying "Indeed, the example of Jesus to Allah is like that of Adam. He created him from dust; then He said to him, 'Be,' and he was" in 3:59.
2) That the son must be of the same species and type as his father, and that the wife must be of the same species as her husband, but there is nothing like unto Allah Most High. And indeed, Jesus and his mother are of the species belonging to the sons of Adam. Therefore, there is no son or wife for Allah.
And this is the meaning of the saying of His Most High: "The Messiah, son of Mary, was not but a messenger; [other] messengers have passed on before him. And his mother was a supporter of truth. They both used to eat food' in 5:75.
3) That a wife and son are truly taken because one has a need for them. But it is not proper that Allah Most High be in need of anything that is other than Him. So He does not take a son or wife.
And this is the meaning of the saying of His Most High: "They have said, 'Allah has taken a son.' Exalted is He; He is the [one] Free of need. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth" in 10:68.
4) That everything that exists apart from Allah Most High is other than Him, because He creates and brings into existence all, so nothing can be a Son to Him. The Most High said: "And it is not appropriate for the Most Merciful that He should take a son. There is no one in the heavens and earth but that he comes to the Most Merciful as a servant" in 19:92-93.
As for those among them who claim: "Truly God is the Messiah, son of Mary" it is false in four ways:
1) That the Messiah was worshiping God.
2) That he would eat, drink, starve, thirst, and sleep, being subjected to all things humans are subjected to, and that is not permissible upon Allah Most High.
3) That they allege that he was crucified and killed, and this contradicts their claim: "Truly he is God", Most High! Because Allah is the Living (al-Hayy) and does not die, and they lied in their claim: truly Jesus was crucified and killed. But they received that from the lies of the Jews. Allah Most High said: "And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them." in 4:157. And Allah Most High said: "[Mention] when Allah said, 'O Jesus, indeed I will take you and raise you to Myself'" in 3:55.
Then they truly built upon their lies the worship of the cross. So it became clear that their religion is false based on one falsehood after another. And Jesus will descend to earth and break the cross.
4) That Jesus was young and then grew up. And Allah Most High is free of need for anything of the sort.
As for the saying from among them who claim: "Truly Allah is the third of three”, that is a falsehood in three respects:
1) The proofs we provided for monotheism and the impossibility of the existence of two gods.
2) That Jesus and Mary worshiped Allah Most High, prayed and fasted, and if they were two gods, they would have not worshiped other than themselves. Moreover, Jesus acknowledged that Allah is his Lord (ّرب) Most High. The Most High said about him: "the Messiah has said, 'O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord.'" in 5:72. This also exists in the Gospel (الإنجيل) that is in their hands.
3) That Jesus and Mary were subjected to all things humans are subjected to, and these are not what the the divine are subjected to.
(Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi, Al-Nur al-Mubin, pgs. 43-47, source)
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